Microorganisms for producing diamine and process for producing diamine using them

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a microorganism for producing diamine, in which activity of a protein having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence having 55% or higher sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 6 is introduced or enhanced, and a method of producing diamine using the same.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. national phase application of InternationalPCT Patent Application No. PCT/KR2015/003065, which was filed on Mar.27, 2015, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos.10-2014-0049870, filed Apr. 25, 2014. These applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided intext format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated byreference into the specification. The name of the text file containingthe Sequence Listing is HANO_050_00US_ST25.txt. The text file is 62 KB,was created on Oct. 25, 2016, and is being submitted electronically viaEFS-Web.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a microorganism for producing diamineand a method of producing diamine using the same.

BACKGROUND ART

Biogenic amines (BAs) are nitrogenous compounds which are mainlyproduced by decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination andtransamination of aldehydes and ketones. These biogenic amines are lowmolecular weight compounds and synthesized in the metabolism ofmicroorganisms, plants and animals, and thus biogenic amines are knownas components frequently found in these cells. In particular, biogenicamines are polyamines such as spermidine, spermine, putrescine or1,4-butanediamine, and cadaverine.

In general, putrescine is an important raw material for production ofpolyamine nylon-4,6 which is produced by reacting putrescine with adipicacid. Putrescine is usually produced by chemical synthesis involvingconversion of propylene to acrylonitrile and to succinonitrile.

As a production method of putrescine using a microorganism, a method ofproducing putrescine at a high concentration by transformation of E.coli and Corynebacterium has been reported (International PatentPublication No. WO06/005603; International Patent Publication No.WO09/125924; Qian Z D et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 104: 4, 651-662, 2009;Schneider et al., Appl. Microbiol, Biotechnol. 88; 4, 859-868, 2010;Schneider et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 95, 169-178, 2012).Furthermore, studies have been actively conducted on putrescinetransporters in E. coli, yeast, plant and animal cells (K Igarashi,Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48: 506-512, 2010).

Meanwhile, cadaverine is a foul-smelling diamine compound produced byprotein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissues. Cadaverine hasthe chemical formula of NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂, which is similar to that ofputrescine.

Cadaverine serves as a component of polymers such as polyamide orpolyurethane, chelating agents, or other additives. In particular,polyamide having an annual global market of 3.5 million tons is known tobe prepared by polycondensation of cadaverine or succinic acid, and thuscadaverine has received much attention as an industrially usefulcompound.

Cadaverine is a diamine found in a few microorganisms (Tabor and Tabor,Microbiol Rev., 49:81-99, 1985). In the gram negative bacterium E. coli,cadaverine is biosynthesized from L-lysine by L-lysine decarboxylase.The level of cadaverine in E. coli is regulated by biosynthesis,degradation, uptake and export of cadaverine (Soksawatmaekhin et al.,Mol Microbiol., 51:1401-1412, 2004).

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

The present inventors have made intensive efforts to investigate aprotein having an ability to export diamine such as putrescine orcadaverine so as to improve diamine productivity in a microorganismhaving the diamine productivity. As a result, they found that aCorynebacterium efficiens-derived protein or a protein having high aminoacid sequence homology therewith has a diamine export activity, and thisprotein is introduced into a microorganism for producing diamine toenhance its activity, resulting in a remarkable increase in the abilityto export diamine such as putrescine and cadaverine, thereby completingthe present invention.

Technical Solution

An object of the present invention is to provide a microorganism forproducing diamine.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method ofproducing diamine, including the steps of (i) culturing themicroorganism for producing diamine to obtain a cell culture; and (ii)recovering diamine from the cultured microorganism or the cell culture.

BEST MODE

In an aspect to achieve the above objects, the present inventionprovides a microorganism for producing diamine, in which activity of aprotein having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acidsequence having 55% or higher sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:6 isintroduced or enhanced.

As used herein, the term “diamine” collectively refers to a compoundhaving two amine groups, and specific examples thereof may includeputrescine and cadaverine. Putrescine is tetramethylenediamine which maybe produced from ornithine as a precursor. Cadaverine is called1,5-pentanediamine or pentamethylenediamine, which may be produced fromlysine as a precursor. Such diamines are industrially applicablecompounds that serve as valuable raw materials for synthesis of polymerssuch as polyamine nylon, polyamide or polyurethane.

As used herein, the term “protein having an amino acid sequence of SEQID NO: 6” is a protein found in Corynebacterium efficiens, and alsocalled CE2495. It was investigated that this protein retains highhomology with a membrane protein of Corynebacterium, NCgl2522. In anembodiment of the present invention, CE2495 protein is identified as aputative protein which is involved in diamine export in a strain havingdiamine productivity, thereby remarkably increasing diamineproductivity.

Here, CE2495 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 maybe a protein that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.In the polynucleotide encoding the CE2495 protein, however, variousmodifications may be made in the coding region provided that they do notchange the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide expressed from thecoding region, due to codon degeneracy or in consideration of the codonspreferred by an organism in which the protein is to be expressed. Thus,the CE2495 protein may be encoded by various nucleotide sequences aswell as by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.

Further, the CE2495 protein of the present invention may be any proteinhaving the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or having 55% or higher,preferably 75% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, much morepreferably 95% or higher, even much more preferably 98% or higher, andmost preferably 99% or higher homology therewith, as long as the proteinexhibits a substantial diamine export activity. It is apparent that anamino acid sequence having such homology, of which a part is deleted,modified, substituted, or added, is also within the scope of the presentinvention, as long as the resulting amino acid sequence has a biologicalactivity substantially equivalent or corresponding to the protein of SEQID NO: 6.

As used herein, the term “protein having an amino acid sequence having55% or higher sequence homology with the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 6” means any protein without limitation, as long as the protein hasan amino acid sequence having 55% or higher sequence homology with theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 and it also has substantiallydiamine export activity. For example, the protein may be a proteinhaving an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 or SEQ ID NO: 24, but isnot limited thereto.

For example, the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22is a protein found in Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, and also calledHMPREF0281_01446. It was investigated that this protein retains 59%homology with a membrane protein of Corynebacterium, NCgl2522 and 61%homology with CE2495 of Corynebacterium efficiens. In an embodiment ofthe present invention, it was investigated that the HMPREF0281_01446protein exhibits diamine export activity in a strain having diamineproductivity, thereby remarkably increasing diamine productivity.

The HMPREF0281_01446 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO. 22 may be a protein that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence of SEQID NO: 21. In the polynucleotide encoding this protein, however, variousmodifications may be made in the coding region provided that they do notchange the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide expressed from thecoding region, due to codon degeneracy or in consideration of the codonspreferred by an organism in which the protein is to be expressed. Thus,this protein may be encoded by various nucleotide sequences as well asby the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

Further, the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 isa protein found in Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum, and also calledHMPREF0298_0262. It was investigated that this protein retains 52%homology with a membrane protein of Corynebacterium, NCgl2522 and 56%homology with CE2495 of Corynebacterium efficiens. In an embodiment ofthe present invention, it was investigated that the HMPREF0298_0262protein exhibits diamine export activity in a strain having diamineproductivity, thereby remarkably increasing diamine productivity.

The HMPREF0298_0262 protein having the amino acid a nucleotide sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 23. In the polynucleotide encoding this protein, however,various modifications may be made in the coding region provided thatthey do not change the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide expressedfrom the coding region, due to codon degeneracy or in consideration ofthe codons preferred by an organism in which the protein is to beexpressed. Thus, this protein may be encoded by various nucleotidesequences as well as by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.

The term “homology”, as used herein with regard to a sequence, refers toidentity with a given amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence, andthe homology may be expressed as a percentage. In the present invention,a homology sequence having identical or similar activity to the givenamino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence is expressed as “% homology”.For example, homology may be identified using a standard softwareprogram which calculates parameters of score, identity and similarity,specifically BLAST 2.0, or by comparing sequences in a Southernhybridization experiment under stringent conditions as defined. Definingappropriate hybridization conditions are within the skill of the art(e.g., see Sambrook et al., 1989, infra), and determined by a methodknown to those skilled in the art.

As used herein, the term “microorganism for producing diamine” refers toa microorganism prepared by providing diamine productivity for a parentstrain having no diamine productivity or a microorganism havingendogenous diamine productivity. Specifically, the microorganism havingdiamine productivity may be a microorganism having putrescine orcadaverine productivity.

The “microorganism having putrescine productivity” may be, but is notlimited to, a microorganism in which the activity of acetylglutamatesynthase that converts glutamate to N-acetylglutamate, ornithineacetyltransferase (ArgJ) that converts acetyl ornithine to ornithine,acetylglutamate kinase (ArgB) that converts acetyl glutamate toN-acetylglutamyl phosphate, acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase(ArgC) that converts acetyl glutamyl phosphate to N-acetyl glutamatesemialdehyde, or acetylornithine aminotransferase (ArgD) that convertsacetyl glutamate semialdehyde to N-acetylornithine is enhanced comparedto its endogenous activity, in order to enhance the biosynthetic pathwayfrom glutamate to ornithine, and the productivity of ornithine which isused as a precursor for putrescine biosynthesis is enhanced, but is notlimited thereto.

Further, the microorganism having putrescine productivity may be amicroorganism which is modified to have activity of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (ArgF) involved in synthesis of arginine from ornithine, aprotein (NCgl1221) involved in glutamate export, and/or a protein(NCgl469) involved in putrescine acetylation weaker than its endogenousactivity, and/or is modified to be introduced with activity of ornithinedecarboxylase (ODC).

Here, as non-limiting examples, the acetyl gamma glutamyl phosphatereductase (ArgC) may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, theacetylglutamate synthase or ornithine acetyltransferase (ArgJ) may havean amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, the acetyl glutamate kinase(ArgB) may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and theacetylornithine aminotransferase (ArgD) may have an amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 14. However, the amino acid sequences of respective enzymeproteins are not particularly limited thereto, and the enzymes may beproteins having amino acid sequences having 80% or higher, preferably90% or higher, or more preferably 95% or higher homology therewith, aslong as they have activities of the respective enzymes.

Further, as non-limiting examples, the ornithine carbamoyl transferase(ArgF) may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, the proteininvolved in glutamate export may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 19, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) may have an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. However, the amino acid sequences ofrespective enzyme proteins are not limited thereto, and the enzymes maybe proteins having amino acid sequences having 80% or higher, preferably90% or higher, more preferably 95% or higher, or particularly preferably97% or higher homology therewith, as long as they have activities of therespective enzymes.

Meanwhile, the “microorganism having cadaverine productivity” may be,but is not limited to, a microorganism prepared by additionallyintroducing or enhancing activity of lysine decarboxylase (LDC) in amicroorganism having lysine productivity. For example, the microorganismmay be one having enhanced lysine productivity in order to increasecadaverine production. A method of enhancing lysine productivity may beperformed by a known method which is predictable to those skilled in theart.

The lysine decarboxylase is an enzyme catalyzing conversion of lysine tocadaverine, and its activity is introduced or enhanced, therebyeffectively producing cadaverine.

The lysine decarboxylase may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, but is not particularly limited thereto. The enzyme may have anamino acid sequence having 80% or higher, preferably 90% or higher, ormore preferably 95% or higher homology therewith, as long as it has theabove activity.

As used herein, the term “production” is a concept includingextracellular release of diamine, for example, release of diamine into aculture medium, as well as production of diamine within a microorganism.

Meanwhile, the term “introduction of protein activity”, as used herein,means that a microorganism having no endogenous protein is externallyprovided with an activity of the protein, and for example, it may beperformed by introduction of a foreign gene. Further, the term“enhancement of protein activity” means that active state of the proteinretained in or introduced into the microorganism is enhanced, comparedto its intrinsic active state.

Non-limiting examples of the introduction or enhancement of the proteinactivity may include improvement of the activity of the protein itselfpresent in a microorganism due to mutation so as to achieve effectsbeyond the endogenous functions, and/or improvement in endogenous geneactivity of the protein present in the microorganism, amplification ofthe endogenous gene by internal or external factors, increase in thegene copy number, increase in the activity by additional introduction ofa foreign gene or replacement or modification of a promoter, but are notlimited thereto.

The increase in the gene copy number may be, but is not particularlylimited to, performed by operably linking the gene to a vector or byintegrating it into the host cell genome. Specifically, the copy numberof the polynucleotide in the host cell genome may be increased byintroducing into the host cell the vector which is operably linked tothe polynucleotide encoding the protein of the present invention andreplicates and functions independently of the host cell, or byintroducing into the host cell the vector which is operably linked tothe polynucleotide and is able to integrate the polynucleotide into thehost cell genome.

As used herein, “modification of the expression regulatory sequence forincreasing the polynucleotide expression” may be, but is notparticularly limited to, done by inducing a modification on theexpression regulatory sequence through deletion, insertion,non-conservative or conservative substitution of nucleotide sequence, ora combination thereof in order to further enhance the activity ofexpression regulatory sequence, or by replacing the expressionregulatory sequence with a nucleotide sequence having stronger activity.The expression regulatory sequence includes, but is not particularlylimited to, a promoter, an operator sequence, a sequence coding for aribosome-binding site, and a sequence regulating the termination oftranscription and translation.

As used herein, the replacement or modification of a promoter, althoughnot particularly limited thereto, may be performed by replacement ormodification with a stronger promoter than the original promoter. Astrong heterologous promoter instead of the original promoter may belinked upstream of the polynucleotide expression unit, and examples ofthe strong promoter may include a CJ7 promoter, a lysCP1 promoter, anEF-Tu promoter, a groEL promoter, an aceA or aceB promoter, andspecifically, a Corynebacterium-derived promoter, lysCP1 promoter or CJ7promoter is operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the enzyme sothat its expression rate may be increased. Here, the lysCP1 promoter isa promoter improved through nucleotide sequence substitution of thepromoter region of the polynucleotide encoding aspartate kinase andaspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (WO 2009/096689). Further, CJ7promoter is a strong promoter derived from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes(Korean Patent No. 0620092 and WO 2006/065095).

Furthermore, modification of a polynucleotide sequence on chromosome,although not particularly limited thereto, may be performed by inducinga mutation on the expression regulatory sequence through deletion,insertion, non-conservative or conservative substitution ofpolynucleotide sequence, or a combination thereof in order to furtherenhance the activity of the polynucleotide sequence, or by replacing thesequence with a polynucleotide sequence which is modified to havestronger activity.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a DNA construct including anucleotide sequence encoding the desired protein, which is operablylinked to an appropriate expression regulatory sequence to express thedesired protein in a suitable host cell. The regulatory sequence mayinclude a promoter that can initiate transcription, an optional operatorsequence for regulating the transcription, a sequence encoding asuitable mRNA ribosome binding site, and a sequence regulating thetermination of transcription and translation. After the vector isintroduced into the suitable host cell, it may replicate or functionindependently of the host genome, and may be integrated into the genomeitself.

The vector used in the present invention is not particularly limited, aslong as it is able to replicate in the host cell, and any vector knownin the art may be used. Examples of conventional vectors may include anatural or recombinant plasmid, cosmid, virus and bacteriophage. Forinstance, pWE15, M13, λMBL3, λMBL4, λIXII, λASHII, λAPII, λt10, λt11,Charon4A, and Charon21A may be used as a phage vector or cosmid vector.pBR type, pUC type, pBluescriptII type, pGEM type, pTZ type, pCL typeand pET type may be used as a plasmid vector. A vector usable in thepresent invention is not particularly limited, and any known expressionvector may be used. Preferably, pDZ, pACYC177, pACYC184, pCL, pECCG117,pUC19, pBR322, pMW118, or pCC1BAC vector may be used.

Further, the polynucleotide encoding the desired endogenous protein inthe chromosome can be replaced by a mutated polynucleotide using avector for bacterial chromosomal insertion. The insertion of thepolynucleotide into the chromosome may be performed by any method knownin the art, for example, homologous recombination. Since the vector ofthe present invention may be inserted into the chromosome by homologousrecombination, it may further include a selection marker to confirmchromosomal insertion. The selection marker is to select cells that aretransformed with the vector, that is, to confirm insertion of thedesired polynucleotide, and the selection marker may include markersproviding selectable phenotypes, such as drug resistance, auxotrophy,resistance to cytotoxic agents, or surface protein expression. Onlycells expressing the selection marker are able to survive or to showdifferent phenotypes under the environment treated with the selectiveagent, and thus the transformed cells may be selected.

As used herein, the term “transformation” means the introduction of avector including a polynucleotide encoding a target protein into a hostcell in such a way that the protein encoded by the polynucleotide isexpressed in the host cell. As long as the transformed polynucleotidecan be expressed in the host cell, it can be either integrated into andplaced in the chromosome of the host cell, or exist extrachromosomally.Further, the polynucleotide includes DNA and RNA encoding the targetprotein. The polynucleotide may be introduced in any form, as long as itcan be introduced into the host cell and expressed therein. For example,the polynucleotide may be introduced into the host cell in the form ofan expression cassette, which is a gene construct including all elementsrequired for its autonomous expression. Typically, the expressioncassette includes a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide,transcriptional termination signals, ribosome binding sites, ortranslation termination signals. The expression cassette may be in theform of a self-replicable expression vector. Also, the polynucleotide asit is may be introduced into the host cell and operably linked tosequences required for expression in the host cell.

Further, as used herein, the term “operably linked” means a functionallinkage between a polynucleotide sequence encoding the desired proteinof the present invention and a promoter sequence which initiates andmediates transcription of the polynucleotide sequence.

Further, the microorganism having diamine productivity may be amicroorganism, in which the diamine acetyltransferase activity isweakened compared to the endogenous activity, in order to increasediamine production.

As used herein, the term “diamine acetyltransferase” is an enzymecatalyzing transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to diamine, andit may be exemplified by Corynebacterium glutamicum NCgl1469 or E. coliSpeG, but its name may differ depending on the species of amicroorganism having diamine productivity. NCgl1469 may have an aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or 12, and SpeG may have an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, but the sequence may differ depending on thespecies of the microorganism. The protein may have an amino acidsequence having 80% or higher, preferably 90% or higher, or morepreferably 95% or higher, or particularly preferably 97% or higherhomology therewith, as long as it has the diamine acetyltransferaseactivity.

Since the diamine acetyltransferase converts diamine to acetyl-diamine(e.g., N—Ac-putrescine or N—Ac-cadaverine), diamine productivity may beincreased by weakening its activity, compared to the endogenousactivity.

As used herein, the term “endogenous activity” refers to activity of theprotein that the original microorganism possesses in its native orundenatured state, and “modified to have weakened activity, compared tothe endogenous activity” means that activity of the protein is furtherweakened compared to the activity of the corresponding protein that theoriginal microorganism possesses in the native or undenatured state.

The weakening of the protein activity means that the protein activity isreduced, compared to a non-modified strain, or the activity iseliminated. It is possible to apply a method well known in the art tothe weakening of the protein activity.

Examples of the method may include a method of replacing the geneencoding the protein on the chromosome by a gene that is mutated toreduce the enzyme activity or to eliminate the protein activity, amethod of introducing a mutation into the expression regulatory sequenceof the gene encoding the protein on the chromosome, a method ofreplacing the expression regulatory sequence of the gene encoding theprotein by a sequence having weaker activity, a method of deleting apart or an entire of the gene encoding the protein on the chromosome, amethod of introducing antisense oligonucleotide that complementarilybinds to a transcript of the gene on the chromosome to inhibittranslation of mRNA to the protein, a method of artificially adding asequence complementary to SD sequence at upstream of SD sequence of thegene encoding the protein to form a secondary structure, therebypreventing access of the ribosomal subunits, and a reverse transcriptionengineering (RTE) method of adding a promoter for reverse transcriptionat 3′-terminus of open reading frame (ORF) of the correspondingsequence, and combinations thereof, but are not particularly limitedthereto.

In detail, a partial or full deletion of the gene encoding the proteinmay be done by introducing a vector for chromosomal insertion into amicroorganism, thereby substituting the polynucleotide encoding anendogenous target protein on chromosome with a polynucleotide having apartial deletion or a marker gene. The “partial” may vary depending onthe type of polynucleotide, but specifically refers to 1 to 300,preferably 1 to 100, and more preferably 1 to 50 nucleotides.

Meanwhile, the microorganism of the present invention is a microorganismhaving diamine productivity, and includes a prokaryotic microorganismexpressing the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6,and examples thereof may include microorganisms belonging to Escherichiasp., Shigella sp., Citrobacter sp., Salmonella sp., Enterobacter sp.,Yersinia sp., Klebsiella sp., Erwinia sp., Corynebacterium sp.,Brevibacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Selenomanas sp., Vibrio sp.,Pseudomonas sp., Streptomyces sp., Arcanobacterium sp., Alcaligens sp.or the like, but are not limited thereto. The microorganism of thepresent invention is specifically a microorganism belonging toCorynebacterium sp. or Escherichia sp., and more specifically,Corynebacterium glutamicum or Escherichia coli, but is not limitedthereto.

A specific example may be a microorganism prepared by deleting NCgl2522,which is a protein having putrescine export activity, from aCorynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032-based putrescine-producing strainKCCM11240P (Korean Patent Publication No. 2013-0082478) and thenintroducing CE2495 into the transposon gene. Therefore, thismicroorganism KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P (cj7)-CE2495 is designated asCC01-0757, and deposited under the Budapest Treaty to the Korean CultureCenter of Microorganisms (KCCM) on Nov. 15, 2013, with Accession No.KCCM11475P.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producingdiamine, comprising: (i) culturing the microorganism having putrescinediamine, in which activity of the protein having the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 6 or 55% or higher sequence homology therewith isintroduced or enhanced, so as to obtain a cell culture; and (ii)recovering diamine from the cultured microorganism or the cell culture.

The protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or theprotein having the amino acid sequence having 55% or higher sequencehomology therewith, the introduction of the protein activity, theenhancement of the protein activity, the diamine, and the microorganismhaving diamine productivity are the same as described above.

In the method, the step of culturing the microorganism may be, althoughnot particularly limited to, preferably performed by batch culture,continuous culture, and fed-batch culture known in the art. In thisregard, the culture conditions are not particularly limited, but anoptimal pH (e.g., pH 5 to 9, preferably pH 6 to 8, and most preferablypH 6.8) may be maintained by using a basic chemical (e.g., sodiumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia) or acidic chemical (e.g.,phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid). Also, an aerobic condition may bemaintained by adding oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixture to a cellculture. The culture temperature may be maintained at 20 to 45° C., andpreferably at 25 to 40° C., and the cultivation may be performed forabout 10 to 160 hours.

Furthermore, a medium to be used for culture may include sugar andcarbohydrate (e.g., glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose,molasse, starch and cellulose), oil and fat (e.g., soybean oil,sunflower seed oil, peanut oil and coconut oil), fatty acid (e.g.,palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid), alcohol. (e.g., glyceroland ethanol), and organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) individually or incombination as a carbon source; nitrogen-containing organic compound(e.g., peptone, yeast extract, meat juice, malt extract, corn solution,soybean meal powder and urea), or inorganic compound (e.g., ammoniumsulfate, ammonium, chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, andammonium nitrate) individually or in combination as a nitrogen source;potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, orsodium-containing salt corresponding thereto individually or incombination as a phosphorus source; other essential growth-stimulatingsubstances including metal salts (e.g., magnesium sulfate or ironsulfate), amino acids, and vitamins. In the present invention, themedium may be used as a synonym for the culture liquid.

As used herein, the term “cell culture” is a material obtained byculturing a microorganism, and includes the medium, the microorganismcultured, and substances released from the microorganism cultured. Forexample, a nutrient supply source required for cell culture, such asminerals, amino acids, vitamins, nucleic acids and/or other componentsgenerally contained in culture medium (or culture liquid) in addition tothe carbon source, and the nitrogen source may be included. Further, adesired substance or an enzyme produced/secreted by the cells may beincluded.

Since diamine produced by culture may be secreted into the medium orremain in the cells, the cell culture may include diamine that isproduced by culturing the microorganism.

The method of recovering diamine such as putrescine or cadaverineproduced in the culturing step of the present invention may be carriedout, for example, using a suitable method known in the art according toa culturing method, for example, batch culture, continuous culture, orfed-batch culture, thereby collecting the desired amino acids from theculture liquid.

Advantageous Effects

In the present invention, it is demonstrated that Corynebacteriumefficiens-derived CE2495 protein is a protein having diamine exportactivity, and putrescine export activity can be enhanced by introducingthis protein activity into Corynebacterium sp. microorganism which has aputrescine synthetic pathway, but low putrescine export activity. It isalso demonstrated that putrescine and cadaverine can be increased at thesame time by introducing this protein activity into E. coli which hassynthetic pathways of putrescine and cadaverine. Accordingly, diaminecan be effectively produced by applying Corynebacteriumefficiens-derived CE2495 protein to a microorganism having diamineproductivity.

MODE FOR INVENTION

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail withreference to Examples. However, these Examples are for illustrativepurposes only, and the invention is not intended to be limited by theseExamples.

Reference Example 1 Preparation of Corynebacterium sp. MicroorganismHaving Putrescine Productivity

It was confirmed that putrescine production was reduced when NCgl2522, apermease belonging to major facilitator superfamily (MFS), was deletedin a Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032-based putrescine-producingstrain KCCM11240P (Korean Patent Publication NO. 2013-0082478) and aCorynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13869-based putrescine-producing strainDAB12-a ΔNCgl1469 (argF deletion, NCgl1221 deletion, E. coli speCintroduction, arg operon promoter substitution, NCgl1469 deletion;designated as DAB12-b, Korean Patent Publication No. 2013-0082478) asCorynebacterium sp. microorganisms having putrescine productivity.

It was also confirmed that putrescine was produced in a high yield inCorynebacterium glutamicum strains prepared by additional introductionof NCgl2522 gene into the transposon in KCCM11240P or DAB12-b, or bysubstitution of NCgl2522 promoter on the chromosome with cj7 promoter toenhance NCgl2522 activity. Further, the intracellular amount ofputrescine was measured in the strain in which NCgl2522 expression wasenhanced, and as a result, a smaller amount of putrescine was observed,compared to that of a control group. It is indicating that NCgl2522 hasan ability to export putrescine.

In detail, based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene encodingNCgl2522 of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a pair of primers ofSEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 for obtaining a homologous recombination fragment ofthe N-terminal region of NCgl2522 and a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 3and 4 for obtaining a homologous recombination fragment of theC-terminal region of NCgl2522 were used as in the following Table 1.

TABLE 1 Primer Sequence (5′−>3′) NCgl2522-del-F1_BamHICGGGATCCCACGCCTGTCTGGTCGC (SEQ ID NO: 1) NCgl2522-del-R1_SalIACGCGTCGACGGATCGTAACTGTAACG (SEQ ID NO: 2) AATGG NCgl2522-del-F2_SalIACGCGTCGACCGCGTGCATCTTTGGACAC (SEQ ID NO: 3) NCgl2522-del-R2_XbaICTAGTCTAGAGAGCTGCACCAGGTAGACG (SEQ ID NO: 4)

PCR was performed using the genomic DNA of Corynebacterium glutamicumATCC13032 as a template and two pairs of primers so as to amplify PCRfragments of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions, respectively. ThesePCR fragments were electrophoresed to obtain the desired fragments. Atthis time, PCR reaction was carried out for 30 cycles of denaturationfor 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C., andextension for 30 seconds at 72° C. The fragment of the N-terminal regionthus obtained was treated with restriction enzymes, BamHI and SalI andthe fragment of the C-terminal region thus obtained was treated withrestriction enzymes, SalI and XbaI. The fragments thus treated, werecloned into the pDZ vector treated with restriction enzymes, BamHI andXbaI, so as to construct a plasmid pDZ-1′NCgl2522 (K/O).

The plasmid pDZ-1′NCgl2522(K/O) was introduced into Corynebacteriumglutamicum KCCM11240P by electroporation, so as to obtain atransformant. Then, the transformant was plated and cultured on BHISplate (37 g/l of Braine heart infusion, 91 g/l of sorbitol, and 2% agar)containing kanamycin (25 μg/ml) and X-gal(5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolin-D-galactoside) for colony formation. Fromthe colonies thus formed, blue-colored colonies were selected as thestrain introduced with the plasmid pDZ-1′NCgl2522(K/O).

The selected strains were cultured with shaking in CM medium (10 g/l ofglucose, 10 g/l of polypeptone, 5 g/l of yeast extract, 5 g/l of beefextract, 2.5 g/l of NaCl, and 2 g/l of urea, pH 6.8) at 30° C. for 8hours. Subsequently, each cell culture was serially diluted from 10⁻⁴ to10⁻¹⁰. Then, the diluted samples were plated and cultured on anX-gal-containing solid medium for colony formation. From the coloniesthus formed, the white colonies which appeared at relatively lowfrequency were selected, to finally obtain a Corynebacterium glutamicumstrain in which the gene encoding NCgl2522 was deleted and putrescineproductivity was weakened. The Corynebacterium glutamicum strain inwhich putrescine export activity was weakened was designated asKCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522.

In the same manner, PCR was performed using the genomic DNA ofCorynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13869 as a template and two pairs ofprimers given in Table 1 so as to construct a plasmidpDZ-2′NCgl2522(K/O) by the above described method. A Corynebacteriumglutamicum strain, in which the gene encoding NCgl2522 of DAB12-b strainwas deleted using the vector according to the above described method toweaken putrescine productivity, was constructed. This Corynebacteriumglutamicum strain having weakened putrescine export activity wasdesignated as DAB12-b ΔNCgl2522.

Example 1. Selection of Corynebacterium efficiens CE2495

As confirmed in Reference Example 1, the NCgl2522 membrane protein wasfound to function to export putrescine. Therefore, based on the aminoacid sequence of NCgl2522, the present inventors acquired genes havinghomology therewith using BlastP program of National Center forBiotechnology Information (NCBI, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

From Corynebacterium sp. other than Corynebacterium glutamicum,Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314 was found to have CE2495 which shows71% homology with the amino acid sequence of NCgl2522. Its nucleotidesequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) wereobtained.

In the same manner, the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 21) and aminoacid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 22) of HMPREF0281_01446 derived fromCorynebacterium ammoniagenes DSM 20306, which shows 59% homology withthe amino acid sequence of NCgl2522, and the nucleotide sequence (SEQ IDNO: 23) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 24; of HMPREF0298_0262derived from Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum DSM 44291, which shows 52%homology with the amino acid sequence of NCgl2522, were obtained. Theamino acid sequence of HMPREF0281_01446 and the amino acid sequence ofHMPREF0298_0262 show 61% and 56% homology with the amino acid sequenceof CE2495 of Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314, respectively, as shown inthe following Table 2.

TABLE 2 Comparison of amino acid sequence homology CE2495HMPREF0281_01446 HMPREF0298_0262 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 6) NO: 22)NO: 24) NCgl2522 71% 59% 52% CE2495 61% 56%

Meanwhile, Corynebacterium sp. microorganisms having genes showinghomology with NCgl2522, and homology thereof are given in the followingTable 3.

TABLE 3 Species Homology Corynebacterium accolens 53% Corynebacteriumammoniagenes 59% Corynebacterium amycolatum 59% Corynebacterium atypicum56% Corynebacterium aurimucosum 58% Corynebacterium auriscanis 53%Corynebacterium callunae 73% Corynebacterium camporealensis 56%Corynebacterium capitovis 56% Corynebacterium casei 60% Corynebacteriumcasei LMG S-19264 60% Corynebacterium caspium 57% Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae 56% Corynebacterium efficiens 71% Corynebacterium falseniiDSM 44353 51% Corynebacterium genitalium 55% Corynebacterium glutamicum13032 100%  Corynebacterium glutamicum R 100%  Corynebacteriumglutamicum 13869 99% Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067 97%Corynebacterium glycinophilum AJ 3170 59% Corynebacterium halotolerans65% Corynebacterium jeikeium 46% Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum 52%Corynebacterium maris 58% Corynebacterium massiliense 54%Corynebacterium mastitidis 56% Corynebacterium matruchotii 58%Corynebacterium nuruki 59% Corynebacterium pilosum 55% Corynebacteriumpseudodiphtheriticum 51% Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium 53%Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 59% Corynebacterium resistens 52%Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 6931 59% Corynebacterium sp. HFH0082 59%Corynebacterium sp. KPL1818 53% Corynebacterium sp. KPL1824 53%Corynebacterium striatum 57% Corynebacterium terpenotabidum 58%Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum 53% Corynebacterium tuscanienseDNF00037 53% Corynebacterium ulcerans 62% Corynebacterium urealyticum51% Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans 52% Corynebacterium variabile 56%Corynebacterium vitaeruminis DSM 20294 54%

Example 2. Fermentation of Putrescine by Introduction of CE2495 intoPutrescine-Producing Strain Derived from Corynebacterium sp.

<2-1> Introduction of CE2495 into Transposon Gene in Chromosome ofATCC13032-Based Putrescine-Producing Strain

In order to examine whether chromosomal insertion of CE2495 gene affectsputrescine export in KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 having reduced putrescineexport activity which was prepared in Reference Example 1, CE2495 wasintroduced into a transposon gene by the following method.

As a vector for transformation, which allows a gene insertion into thechromosome using a transposon gene of Corynebacterium sp. microorganism,pDZTn (WO 2009/125992) was used, and cj7 (WO 2006/65095) was used as apromoter.

A CE2495 gene fragment of about 1.44 kb was amplified using thechromosome of Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314 strain as a template anda pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10 (See Table 4). At this time,PCR reaction was carried out for 30 cycles of denaturation for 30seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C., and extension for1 minute and 30 seconds at 72° C. Next, this PCR product waselectrophoresed on a 0.8% agarose gel to elute and purify a band of thedesired size.

Further, the cj7 promoter region was obtained by carrying out PCR for 30cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30seconds at 55° C., and extension for 30 seconds at 72° C. usingp117-Pcj7-gfp as a template and a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOs. 7 and 8(See Table 4). A fragment of the cj7 promoter gene was electrophoresedon a 0.8% agarose gel to elute and purify a band of the desired size.

TABLE 4 Primer Sequence (5′−>3′) CJ7-F TGTCGGGCCCACTAGTAGAAACATCCCAGCGC(SEQ ID NO: 7) TACTAATA CJ7-R AGTGTTTCCTTTCGTTGGGTACG (SEQ ID NO: 8)CE2495-F CAACGAAAGGAAACACTATGAATCCCACAGCCTCGC (SEQ ID NO: 9) CE2495-RGAATGAGTTCCTCGAG TCACCCGGGGCGCTTCG (SEQ ID NO: 10)

pDZTn vector was treated with XhoI, and fusion cloning of the PCRproduct obtained above was performed. In-Fusion@HD Cloning Kit(Clontech) was used in the fusion cloning. The resulting plasmid wasdesignated as pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495.

Next, the plasmid pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495 was introduced intoCorynebacterium glutamicum KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 described in ReferenceExample 1 by electroporation to obtain a transformant. The transformantwas cultured with shaking in CM medium (10 g/l of glucose, 10 g/l ofpolypeptone, 5 g/l of yeast extract, 5 g/l of beef extract, 2.5 g/l ofNaCl, and 2 g/l of urea, pH 6.8) (30° C. for 8 hours). Subsequently,cell culture was serially diluted from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹⁰. Then, the dilutedsamples were plated and cultured on an X-gal-containing solid medium forcolony formation.

From the colonies formed, the white colonies which appeared atrelatively low frequency were selected to finally obtain strains inwhich the gene encoding CE2495 was introduced by secondary crossover.The strains finally selected were subjected to PCR using a pair ofprimers of SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 10 to confirm introduction of the geneencoding CE2495. This Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strain wasdesignated as KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495.

<2-2> Introduction of CE2495 into Transposon Gene in Chromosome ofATCC13869-Based Putrescine-Producing Strain

In order to examine whether the chromosomal insertion of CE2495 geneaffects putrescine export in DAB12-b ΔNCgl2522 having reduced putrescineexport activity which was prepared in Reference Example 1,pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495 prepared above was introduced into Corynebacteriumglutamicum DAB12-ΔNCgl2522 and strain is confirmed introduction ofCE2495 into the transposon gene in the same manner as in Example <2-1>.

A Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strain thus selected was designatedas DAB12-b ΔCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE24 95.

<2-3> Evaluation of Putrescine Productivity of Corynebacteriumsp.-Derived Putrescine-Producing Strain Introduced with CE2495

In order to confirm the effect of CE2495 introduction on putrescineproductivity in the putrescine-producing strain, putrescineproductivities of the Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strains preparedin Examples <2-1> and <2-2> were compared.

In detail, 6 types of Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants (KCCM11240P;KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522; KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495; DAB12-b;DAB12-b ΔNCgl2522; DAB12-b ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P (cj7)-CE2495) were plated, on1 mM arginine-containing CM plate media (1% glucose, 1% polypeptone,0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% beef extract, 0.25% NaCl, 0.2% urea, 100 μl of50% NaOH, and 2% agar, pH 6.8, based on 1 L), and cultured at 30° C. for24 hours, respectively. 1 platinum loop of each strain thus cultured wasinoculated in 25 ml of titer medium (8% Glucose, 0.25% soybean protein,0.50% corn steep solids, 4% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄. 7H₂O,0.15% urea, 100 μg of biotin, 3 mg of thiamine hydrochloride, 3 mg ofcalcium-pantothenic acid, 3 mg of nicotinamide, and 5% CaCO₃, pH 7.0,based on 1 L), and then cultured with shaking at 30° C. and 200 rpm for98 hours. 1 mM arginine was added to all media for culturing thestrains. The putrescine concentration in each cell culture was measured,and the results are shown in the following Table 5.

TABLE 5 Putrescine Strain (g/L) KCCM 11240P 12.4 KCCM 11240P ΔNCgl25221.9 KCCM 11240P ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495 17.8 DAB12-b 13.1 DAB12-bΔNCgl2522 0.5 DAB12-b ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495 17.9

As shown in Table 5, putrescine production was found to be increased inboth 2 types of the CE2495-introduced Corynebacterium glutamicum mutantstrains.

Example 3. Fermentation of Cadaverine by CE2495 Introduction and LysineDecarboxylase Expression in Corynebacterium sp.-Derived Lysine-ProducingStrain

<3-1> Introduction of CE2495 into Transposon Gene in Chromosome ofL-Lysine-Producing Corynebacterium Glutamicum KCCM11016P

In order to confirm cadaverine export activity of CE2495 protein, CE2495gene was introduced into the chromosome of a lysine-producing strainKCCM11016P (this microorganism was deposited at the Korean CultureCenter of Microorganisms on Dec. 18, 1995 with Accession No. KFCC10881,and then deposited at the International Depository Authority underBudapest Treaty with Accession No. KCCM11016P, Korean Patent No.10-0159812), pDZTn-P (cj7)-CE2495 prepared above was introduced intoCorynebacterium glutamicum KCCM11016P and strain is confirmedintroduction of CE2495 into transposon in the same manner as in Example<2-1>.

A Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strain thus selected was designatedas KCCM11016P Tn:P (cj7)-CE2495.

<3-2> Introduction of E. Coli-Derived Lysine Decarboxylase Gene intoL-Lysine-Producing Strain Introduced CE2495

The L-lysine-producing strain introduced CE2495, KCCM11016P Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495 which was prepared in Example <3-1> was introduced with E.coli-derived lysine decarboxylase gene in a plasmid form for cadaverineproduction. The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO; 25) and amino acidsequence (SEQ ID NO: 26) of lysine decarboxylase ldcC were obtained fromNCBI data base.

An ldcC gene fragment of about 2.1 kb was obtained by carrying out PCRfor 30 cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30seconds at 52° C., and extension for 2 minutes at 72° C. using thechromosome of E. coli W3110 strain as a template and a pair of primersof SEQ ID NOS: 29 and 30 (See Table 6). This product was treated withHindIII and XbaI, and then electrophoresed in a 0.8% agarose gel toelute and purify a band of the desired size.

Further, the cj7 promoter region was obtained by carrying out PCR for 30cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30seconds at 55° C., and extension for 30 seconds at 72° C. usingp117-Pcj7-gfp as a template and a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOs. 27 and28 (See Table 6). A gene fragment of the cj7 promoter gene was treatedwith KpnI and HindII, and then electrophoresed on a 0.8% agarose gel toelute and purify a band of the desired size.

TABLE 6 Primer for promoter cj7 gene CJ7-F_KpnI CGGGGTACC(SEQ ID NO: 27) AGAAACATCCCAGCGCTACTAATA CJ7-R-HindIII CCCAAGCTT(SEQ ID NO: 28) AGTGTTTCCTTTCGTTGGGTACG Primer for E. coli ldcC geneldcC-F_HindIII CCCAAGCTT (SEQ ID NO: 29)AAGCTT ATGAACATCATTGCCATTATGGG (52) ldcC-R_XbaI TGCTCTAGA(SEQ ID NO: 30) TTATCCCGCCATTTTTAGGACTC (53)

A gene fragment which was obtained by performing electrophoresis of KpnIand XbaI-treated pECCG117 (Biotechnology letters vol 13, No. 10, p.721-726 (1991)) vector in a 0.8% agarose gel and then eluting andpurifying a band of the desired size, the cj7 promoter gene fragmenttreated with KpnI and HindIII, and the lysine decarboxylase ldcC genefragment treated with HindIII and XbaI were cloned using T4 DMA ligase(NEB). The E. coli ldcC-encoding plasmid obtained by the aboveexperiment was designated as pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC.

The prepared pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC vector or pECCG117 vector was introducedinto KCCM11016P and KCCM11016P Tn:P (cj7)-CE2495 by electroporation,respectively. The transformants were plated on BHIS plate containing 25μg/ml kanamycin for selection. The selected strains were designated asKCCM11016P pECCG117, KCCM11016P pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC, KCCM11016PTn:P(cj7)-CE2495 pECCG117, and KCGM11016P Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC, respectively.

<3-3> Evaluation of Cadaverine Productivity of Corynebacteriumsp.-Derived Lysine-Producing Strain Having Chromosomal Insertion ofCE2495 and Lysine Decarboxylase Gene as Plasmid

In order to examine whether introduction of CE2495 into thecadaverine-producing strain affects cadaverine production, cadaverineproductivity was compared between Corynebacterium glutamicum mutantstrains prepared in Example <3-2>.

In detail, 4 types of Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strains(KCCM11016P pECCG117; KCCM11016P pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC; KCCM11016PTn:P(cj7)-CE2495 pECCG117; and KCCM11016P Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC) were cultured by the following method, andcadaverine productivity was compared therebetween.

The respective mutant strains were plated on CM plate media (1% glucose,1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% beef extract, 0.25% NaCl, 0.2%urea, 100 μl of 50% NaOH, and 2% agar, pH 6.8, based on 1 L), andcultured at 30° C. for 24 hours. Each of the strains cultured wasinoculated to a 250 ml corner-baffled flask containing 25 ml of seedmedium (2% glucose, 1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.15% urea, 0.4%KH₂PO₄, 0.8% K₂HPO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄ 7H₂O, 100 μg of biotin, 1000 μg ofthiamine HCl, 2000 μg of calcium-pantothenic acid, and 2000 μg ofnicotinamide, pH 7.0, based on 1 L), and cultured with shaking at 30° C.and 200 rpm for 20 hours.

Then, 1 ml of the seed culture was inoculated to a 250 ml corner-baffledflask containing 24 ml of production medium (4% Glucose, 2% (NH₄)₂SO₄,2.5% soybean protein, 5% corn steep solids, 0.3% urea, 0.1% KH₂PO₄,0.05% MgSO₄ 7H₂O, 100 μg of biotin, 1000 μg of thiamine hydrochloride,2000 μg of calcium-pantothenic acid, 3000 μg of nicotinamide, 0.2 g ofleucine, 0.1 g of threonine, 0.1 g of methionine, and 5% CaCO₃, pH 7.0,based on 1 L), and then cultured with shaking at 30° C. and 200 rpm for72 hours.

After culture, cadaverine productivities were measured by HPLC. Theconcentrations of cadaverine in the cell culture of each strain aregiven in the following Table 7.

TABLE 7 Cadaverine Strain Plasmid (g/L) KCCM11016P pECCG117 0pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC 2.3 KCCM11016P pECCG117 0 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495pECCG117-Pcj7-ldcC 3.3

As shown in Table 7, cadaverine production was increased in theCE2495-introduced Corynebacterium glutamicum mutant strains.

Example 4. Fermentation of Diamine by Introduction of Protein HavingDiamine Export Activity into E. Coli

<4-1> Preparation of Strain by Introduction of CE2495, HMPREF0281_01446,or HMPREF0298_0262 into W3110

The diamine export activities of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes DSM20306-derived HMPREF0281_01446 protein and HMPREF0298_0262 protein,which show 59% and 52% homology with NCgl2522, in addition to CE24952,respectively, were examined in E. coli.

Vectors for introduction of HMPREF0281_01446 and HMPREF0281_01446 wereconstructed in the same manner as in the construction ofpDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495 of Example 2-1.

HMPREF0281_01446 gene was amplified using the chromosome ofCorynebacterium ammoniagenes DSM 20306 strain as a template and a pairof primers of SEQ ID NOS: 31 and 32 (see Table 8) so as to obtain a genefragment of about 1.4 kb.

In the same manner, HMPREF0298_0262 gene was amplified using thechromosome of Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum DSM 44291 strain as atemplate and a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 33 and 34 (see Table 8) soas to obtain a gene fragment of about 1.36 kb.

In this regard, PCR was carried out for 30 cycles of denaturation for 30seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C., and extension for1 minute and 30 seconds at 72° C. Then, each of the PCR products waselectrophoresed on a 0.8% agarose gel to elute and purify a band of thedesired size.

TABLE 8 Primer Sequence (5′−>3′) CJ7-F TGTCGGGCCCACTAGTAGAAACATCCCAG(SEQ ID NO: 7) CGCTACTAATA CJ7-R AGTGTTTCCTTTCGTTGGGTACG (SEQ ID NO: 8)HMPREF0281_01446-F CAACGAAAGGAAACACTATGATTGGCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 31)GATAACTCCATC HMPREF0281_01446-R GAATGAGTTCCTCGAG TTACTCGTCCGC(SEQ ID NO: 32) GCCACC HMPREF0298_2062-F CAACGAAAGGAAACACT ATGCGTTGGTT(SEQ ID NO: 33) GCTTCTCGG HMPREF0298_0262-RGAATGAGTTCCTCGAG CTAACTGCGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 34) GTGGGC

Further, the cj7 promoter region was obtained by carrying out PCR for 30cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C., annealing for 30seconds at 55° C., and extension for 30 seconds at 72° C. usingp117-Pcj7-gfp as a template and a pair of primers of SEQ ID NOS: 7 and8. A fragment of the cj7 promoter gene was electrophoresed on a 0.8%agarose gel to elute and purify a band of the desired size.

pDZTn vector was treated with XhoI, and fusion cloning of the PCRproducts obtained above was performed. In-Fusion@HD Cloning Kit(Clontech) was used in the fusion cloning. The resulting plasmids weredesignated as pDZTn-P (cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446 andpDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF029_0262, respectively.

Thereafter, in order to examine whether expression of Corynebacteriumefficiens YS-314-derived CE2495, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes-derivedHMPREF0281_01446, or Corynebacterium lipophiloflavum-derivedHMPREF0298_0262 protein increases putrescine and cadaverine productionsin E. coli wild-type strain W3110 having biosynthetic pathway ofputrescine and cadaverine, Corynebacterium and E. coli shuttlevector-based pDZTn-P (cj7)-CE2495, pDZTn-P (cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446, orpDZTn-P (cj7)-HMPREF0298_0262 was introduced into W3110, respectively.

A 2×TSS solution (Epicentre) was used for transformation into E. coli,and the transformant was plated and cultured on LB plate (10 g ofTryptone, 5 g of Yeast extract, 10 g of NaCl, and 2% agar, based on 1 L)containing kanamycin (50 μg/ml) for colony formation. The colonies thusformed were designated as W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495, W3110pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446, and W3110 pDZTn-P (cj7)-HMPREF0298_0262,respectively.

<4-2> Comparison of Diamine Productivity of E. coli Introduced withCE2495, HMPREF0281_01446, or HMPREF0298_0262

Putrescine and cadaverine productivities of the strains obtained abovewere examined.

In detail, E. coli W3110 and W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495, W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446, or W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0298_0262 werecultured on LB solid media at 37° C. for 24 hours.

Then, each of them was cultured in 25 ml of titer medium (2 g of(NH₄)₂PO₄, 6.75 g of KH₂PO₄, 0.85 g of citric acid, 0.7 g of MgSO₄.7H₂O,0.5% (v/v) trace element, 10 g of glucose, 3 g of AMS, and 30 g ofCaCO₃, based on 1 L) at 37° C. for 24 hours. A trace metal solutioncontained 5 M HCl: 10 g of FeSO₄.7H₂O, 2.25 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 1 g ofCuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.5 g of MnSO₄.5H₂O, 0.23 g of Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O, 2 g ofCaCl₂.2H₂O, and 0.1 g of (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂.4H₂O per 1 liter.

The concentrations of putrescine and cadaverine produced from each cellculture were measured, and the results are given in the following Table9.

TABLE 9 Putres- Cadav- Parent cine erine strain Plasmid (mg/L) (mg/L)W3110 (—) 13 5 pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495 212 50 pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446175 42 pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0298_0262 144 33

As shown in Table 9, CE2495-introduced W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-CE2495 strainshowed high putrescine and cadaverine concentrations in ceil culture,compared to the parent strain W3110. Further, putrescine and cadaverineproductions were remarkably increased in W3110 pDZTn-P(cj7)-HMPREF0281_01446 and W3110 pDZTn-P (cj7)-HMPREF0298_0262 strainswhich were introduced with HMPREF0281_01446 and HMPREF0298_0262,respectively.

That is, it was confirmed that diamine in cell culture was remarkablyincreased by enhancing activity of CE2495 or the protein having 55% orhigher sequence homology therewith, suggesting that the ability toexport diamine such as putrescine and cadaverine can be improved byenhancing activity of CE2495 or the protein having 55% or highersequence homology therewith.

As such, the present inventors demonstrated that Corynebacteriumglutamicum having enhanced CE2495 activity prepared by introducingCE2495 into transposon of Corynebacterium sp. microorganism KCCM11240PΔNCgl2522 which has a putrescine synthetic pathway, but reducedputrescine export activity has enhanced putrescine export activity,thereby producing putrescine in a high yield.

Accordingly, this strain KCCM11240P ΔNCgl2522 Tn:P(cj7)-CE2495 wasdesignated as CC01-0757, and deposited under the Budapest Treaty to theKorean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM) on Nov. 15, 2013, withAccession No. KCCM11475P.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A microorganism for producing putrescine,wherein a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence of SEQID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 22 or SEQ ID NO: 24 is introduced.
 2. Themicroorganism according to claim 1, wherein additionally activity of adiamine acetyltransferase is weakened, compared to the endogenousactivity, wherein the weakened activity is achieved by one or moremethod(s) selected from the group consisting of: i) replacing the geneencoding the diamine acetyltransferase on the chromosome by a gene thatis mutated to reduce the diamine acetyltransferase activity or toeliminate the diamine acetyltransferase activity; ii) introducing amutation into the expression regulatory sequence of the gene encodingthe diamine acetyltransferase on the chromosome; iii) replacing theexpression regulatory sequence of the gene encoding the diamineacetyltransferase by a sequence having weaker activity; iv) deleting apart or an entire of the gene encoding the diamine acetyltransferase onthe chromosome; v) introducing antisense oligonucleotide thatcomplementarily binds to a transcript of the gene encoding diamineacetyltransferase on the chromosome to inhibit translation of mRNA tothe diamine acetyltransferase; vi) artificially adding a sequencecomplementary to SD sequence at upstream of SD sequence of the geneencoding the diamine acetyltransferase to form a secondary structure,thereby preventing access of the ribosomal subunits; and vii) adding apromoter for reverse transcription at 3′-terminus of open reading frame(ORF) of the corresponding sequence encoding the diamineacetyltransferase.
 3. The microorganism according to claim 2, whereinthe diamine acetyltransferase has an amino acid sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 11, 12 and
 13. 4. The microorganismaccording to claim 1, wherein the microorganism is a microorganismbelonging to genus Corynebacterium or genus Escherichia.
 5. A method ofproducing putrescine, comprising: (i) culturing the microorganism ofclaim 1 to obtain a cell culture; and (ii) recovering putrescine fromthe cultured microorganism or the cell culture.
 6. The microorganismaccording to claim 1, wherein the microorganism already has an abilityof producing putrescine before the gene is introduced.
 7. The methodaccording to claim 5, wherein the microorganism already has an abilityof producing putrescine before the gene is introduced.